高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化,使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务.本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻,考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响.试验表明,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻,叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95%以上,比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高.与普通气浮柱比较,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率,防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动,使气泡/藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境,避免了气泡/藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落,实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移.     

高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化，使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务。本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻，考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响。试验表明，高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻，叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95％以上，比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高。与普通气浮柱比较，高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率，防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动，使气泡／藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境，避免了气泡／藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落，实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移。     

辽宁西部人工林油松径向生长对气候要素的响应

全球气候变化对森林生态系统产生广泛影响,特别是对气候响应敏感的农牧交错带。辽西丘陵位于我国农牧交错带东北部,为探究辽西丘陵人工林油松径向生长与气候要素的关系,基于树木年代学方法,利用树轮宽度年表,对温度、降水、scPDSI及生长期要素进行相关分析,探究气象因子对树木径向生长的影响情况。结果表明：油松标准化年表与上年7月、9月及当年5月的气温呈负相关,相关系数分别为?0.457、?0.426、?0.471（p<0.05）,与当年5月的降水量呈正相关,相关系数为0.52（p<0.05）;年表与逐月scPDSI显著正相关,并表现出相近的周期变化,表明水分胁迫是研究区油松生长的关键限制因子;在不同阈值温度下,辽西人工林油松径向生长与生长期活动积温和持续天数呈负相关,由高温引起的水分蒸发是影响其径向生长的关键因子。最低温11℃阈值下对树木生长期影响大,年表与其初日位序、积温、持续天数的相关系数分别达到0.663、?0.619、?0.732（p<0.01）;通过V-S模型模拟出辽西油松的生长对春季的9.0℃和秋季的9.5℃较敏感,生长期为4—10月,生长速率的变化受温度和土壤湿度变化的影响。因此,在进行人工油松林区经营抚育时,可适当考虑造林树种对不同气候因子响应的敏感期,注意水热合理配置,以提高林区生态林的营林质量。     

城市黑臭水体的吸收特性分析

黑臭水体是城市水环境的一个严重问题,对城市黑臭水体光学特性进行分析,是利用遥感技术手段进行黑臭识别的前提与基础.2016~2017年采集了长沙、南京和无锡的城市黑臭水体共计85个样点,非黑臭水体共计80个样点,并对水样的悬浮物等水质参数浓度以及水体组分的吸收系数进行了测量.结果表明:(1)黑臭水体的总颗粒物吸收系数、非色素颗粒物吸收系数总体上高于非黑臭水体.(2)黑臭水体与非黑臭水体的CDOM吸收系数有明显的差异.由此可用CDOM吸收特征波段440 nm和不同波段范围内拟合的吸收系数曲线斜率对黑臭水体进行区分.城市黑臭水体吸收特性的分析,将为黑臭水体的遥感识别和监测提供有效的技术支撑.黑臭水体中的高CDOM浓度,可以作为遥感识别黑臭水的一个重要参考.     

Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza: Evaluation of growth parameters, pigment contents and antioxidant enzyme activities

Plants are essential components of all ecosystems and play a critical role in environmental fate of nanoparticles. However, the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles on plants are not well documented. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) are produced worldwide in large quantities for a wide range of purposes. In the present study, the uptake of TiO₂-NPs by the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza and the consequent effects on the plant were evaluated. Initially, structural and morphological characteristics of the used TiO₂-NPs were determined using XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. As a result, an anatase structure with the average crystalline size of 8nm was confirmed for the synthesized TiO₂-NPs. Subsequently, entrance of TiO₂-NP_S to plant roots was verified by fluorescence microscopic images. Activity of a number of antioxidant enzymes, as well as, changes in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents as physiological indices were assessed to investigate the effects of TiO₂-NPs on S. polyrrhiza. The increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs led to the significant decrease in all of the growth parameters and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. The activity of superoxide dismutase enhanced significantly by the increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs. Enhancement of superoxide dismutase activity could be explained as promoting antioxidant system to scavenging the reactive oxygen species. In contrast, the activity of peroxidase was notably decreased in the treated plants. Reduced peroxidase activity could be attributed to either direct effect of these particles on the molecular structure of the enzyme or plant defense system damage due to reactive oxygen species.     

外部性视角下的节水灌溉技术补偿标准核算——基于选择实验法

合理的补偿标准是节水灌溉技术补偿政策的核心,也是促进农户技术采用的关键内容。论文以石羊河下游民勤县为例,通过选择实验调研和RPL（Random Parameters Logit）模型估计,量化了节水灌溉技术采用的外部效益,并结合特定技术与农户谈判能力讨论了兼顾公平与效率的补偿标准。结果表明：民勤县城乡居民均希望实施节水灌溉技术来改善生态环境,技术采用的外部效益约为1 052.25元/hm²;以膜下滴灌技术为例,合理的补偿标准应在789.15元/hm²左右。从现行政策看,过低的补贴标准难以保障农户切身利益,导致政策响应不足。据此建议,完善成本收益核算体系,将技术采用的外部效益纳入补偿标准的核算中,提升补偿政策的公平性,同时也要根据技术类型及其采用面积进行精准化补偿,保障资金有效利用。     

咖啡因在河流沉积物中吸附的影响因素及模拟研究

咖啡因是一种在环境中广泛存在的药物,其在水系环境的迁移和分布主要受到吸附行为的影响.在实验室条件下,近似模拟自然河流水/泥界面,应用中心复合实验设计,考察了温度、pH、有机质含量和转速等对咖啡因吸附的影响;利用实验所得数据,分别拟合和验证了基于线性方程和神经网络的咖啡因吸附模型,通过对比拟合和验证结果得到适用于自然河流的咖啡因吸附模型.实验结果表明,咖啡因在沉积物中的吸附呈现先快速后缓慢的过程,30 h内吸附比例超过90%;咖啡因的吸附是放热反应,低温有利于咖啡因的吸附;而转速增大能促进咖啡因的吸附反应;pH和有机质含量的影响较小.模型模拟结果表明,两种模型均能较好地拟合吸附实验结果,但神经网络模型的拟合程度和精度均优于线性方程模型;且交叉验证结果表明,利用不同组数据进行训练,神经网络模型均取得了优于线性方程的拟合结果.因此,在所考察的因素和浓度范围内,神经网络模型较好地预测了自然河流沉积物中咖啡因的吸附行为.     

上海城市表土磁性特征对重金属污染的指示作用

选取上海市城市表土作为研究对象,结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,研究了上海市192件表土样品的磁性特征和重金属含量,并探讨了磁学参数指示重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,上海市表土磁化率平均值为187.66×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,颗粒较粗.上海市表土重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe含量均超过背景值,属于轻度污染.重金属和磁学参数(磁化率、饱和等温剩磁)具有相似的空间分布,高值集中在宝山区和闵行区,低值集中在崇明区.工业生产和交通活动是上海市表土重金属、磁性矿物的主要来源.磁化率χlf指示污染负荷指数的半定量结果为:χlf38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤属于清洁状态,无污染;38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受轻度污染;258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受中度污染;χlf≥793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受重度污染.因此,磁学参数对城市表土重金属污染有着一定的指示意义.     

Examination of factors associated with use rates after transition from a universal to partial motorcycle helmet use law

Objectives: Motorcycle riders account for a disproportionately high number of traffic injuries and fatalities compared to occupants of other vehicle types. Though research has demonstrated the benefits of helmet use in preventing serious and fatal injuries in the event of a crash, helmet use has remained relatively stable in the United States, where the most recent national estimates show a 64% use rate. Use rates have been markedly lower among those states that do not have a universal helmet law for all riders. In 2012, the state of Michigan repealed its longstanding mandatory helmet use law. In order to gain insights as to the effects of this legislative change, a study was conducted to examine short-term changes in helmet use and identify factors associated with use rates.

Methods: A statewide direct observation survey was conducted 1 year after the transition from a universal helmet law to a partial helmet law. A random parameters logistic regression model was estimated to identify motorcyclist, roadway, and environmental characteristics associated with helmet use. This modeling framework accounts for both intravehicle correlation (between riders and passengers on the same motorcycle) as well as unobserved heterogeneity across riders due to important unobserved factors.

Results: Helmet use was shown to vary across demographic segments of the motorcyclist population. Use rates were higher among Caucasian riders, as well as among those age 60 and above. No significant difference was observed between male and female riders. Use was also found to vary geographically, temporally, and with respect to various environmental characteristics. Geographically, helmet use rates tended to be correlated with historical restraint use trends, which may be reflective of riding environment and general differences in the riding population. To this end, rates were also highly variable based upon the type of motorcycle and whether the motorcyclist was wearing high-visibility gear.

Conclusions: The study results demonstrate the short-term reduction in helmet use following transition from a universal to partial motorcycle helmet law. The reduction in use is somewhat less pronounced than has been experienced in other states, which may be reflective of general differences among Michigan motorcyclists because the state has also generally exhibited higher use rates of seat belts and other forms of occupant protection. The study results also highlight potential target areas for subsequent education and public awareness initiatives aimed at increasing helmet use.     

模拟酸雨对烤烟叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以烤烟为供试材料,采用土培盆栽的方法研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨(pH5.6、pH4.5、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0、pH2.5、pH2.0)对烤烟叶片叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:pH≥3.5处理的轻度酸雨对烤烟Chl.a含量影响不大,但pH≤3.5处理烤烟叶片Chl.b和总叶绿素含量显著下降.pH≤2.5模拟酸雨使烤烟叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ls)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压力亏缺(VPD)显著降低,使烤烟叶片的气孔限制值(Ls)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著升高,模拟酸雨使pH2.0处理烤烟叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和pH2.5处理的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)显著降低.pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低;烤烟叶片的非光化学猝灭呈先升高后降低趋势,pH≥3.5处理的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理.